量子粒子群优化算法在结构参数识别中的应用

系统识别问题可以转化成一高维多模优化问题。针对基本粒子群优化在分析此类问题时容易出现早熟收敛从而导致局部优化和较大误差的缺陷,提出将量子粒子群优化算法(QPSO)应用于结构参数识别。QPSO具有参数少、编程简单、易实现、收敛速度快、可以避免早熟收敛、能够迅速在全局找到最优解的特点。本文在测量数据不完备且含噪声污染,参数质量、刚度和阻尼等信息缺乏的情况下,通过数值模拟以及在真实结构参数识别中的应用,验证了QPSO的有效性。     

溴系阻燃剂的毒理学研究进展

溴系阻燃剂(brominated flame retardants,BFRs)广泛应用于塑料、电子、建筑、纺织等材料和产品中,在多种环境介质中都可以检测到BFRs的存在。目前市场上的溴系阻燃剂主要有3种:四溴双酚A(tetrabromobisphenol A,TBBPA)、多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)和六溴环十二烷(hexa bromocyclododecanes,HBCDs)。近年来,进入环境中的BFRs在数量和种类上迅速增加,由此引发的环境效应日益受到国际社会广泛关注,有关BFRs的毒理学研究也成为相关领域的焦点内容。在总结近年来国内外相关研究的基础上,就BFRs在内分泌干扰效应、肝脏毒性、生殖毒性和神经毒性等方面的研究现状及需要进一步研究的内容进行了综述。     

PFOS青春期暴露对成年期雄性大鼠的生殖毒性

为探究青春期的PFOS暴露对成年后的SD大鼠的生殖毒性,对出生后第21天(PND21)的SD大鼠经口灌胃不同剂量的PFOS(5、10和20mg·kg~(-1)),连续染毒7d,在出生后第56天(PND56)时,对各染毒组SD大鼠的体质量、精子数量、血清中的睾酮浓度,以及睾丸间质细胞睾酮合成的相关基因mRNA水平进行了检测。结果显示,10mg·kg~(-1)剂量组大鼠体质量较对照组明显下降(P<0.01);精子数量在10mg·kg~(-1)和20mg·kg~(-1)剂量组明显降低(P<0.05);血清中睾酮浓度随着PFOS剂量的加大有明显下降的趋势,20mg·kg~(-1)剂量组显著低于对照组(P<0.05);类/胆固醇相关基因star和cyp11α1的mRNA表达水平明显下调。研究表明,青春期的PFOS暴露会导致睾酮合成途径中相关因子的功能缺失,破坏成熟睾丸间质细胞的功能,致使睾酮水平降低,并抑制精子生成,从而破坏生殖系统的功能。     

饮用水有机类消毒副产物毒理学研究方法进展

伴随着饮用水消毒技术的改进,有机类消毒副产物(DBPs)的种类日趋多样化,其生物毒性和健康风险受到广泛关注。基于国内外对DBPs毒理学效应的研究成果,结合消毒技术的发展历程,对有机类DBPs进行了系统的分类,针对含碳消毒副产物(C-DBPs)和含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)中典型的DBPs的毒理学研究方法进行了详细的介绍,在此基础上分析了相关研究的不足之处和发展趋势,对今后的研究方向提出了建议。     

Equilibrium,kinetic, and quantum chemical studies on the adsorption of Congo red using Imperata cylindrica leaf powder activated carbon

Leaf powder of spear grass, otherwise known as Imperata cylindrica (IC), was used to prepare activated carbon. The Imperata cylindrica activated carbon (ICAC) prepared was used for the removal of Congo red (CR) dye from aqueous solution. Operation parameters such as initial dye concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature were studied in batch systems. Equilibrium was attained in 150 and 180?min at lowest and highest concentrations, respectively. Maximum adsorption was observed at pH 3. Quantum chemical studies suggested that the protonation of aniline groups and minimal molecular size at planar geometry coupled with electrostatic interaction enhances the adsorption at low pH. Adsorption data were tested using pseudo-first-order and second-order reaction kinetics; the latter was found to be more suitable with a coefficient of determination of ≥0.99. The adsorption process fits Langmuir isotherm model better than the Freundlich model, with a maximum monolayer coverage of 313?mgg^?1. This study shows that ICAC is effective in removing CR dye from aqueous solutions.     

Identification of Sudan III-(deoxy)-guanosine adducts formed in situ in a reaction with no catalyst

Incubation of guanosine and Sudan III induces the formation of a stable adduct, which may be identified using a spectrophotometric technique and mass spectroscopy. The high nucleophilicity of the C⁸ position and its proximity to N⁷ makes the site susceptible to a nucleophilic attack, which explains the S_N2 reaction detected between guanosine and Sudan III dye. In addition, direct interaction of Sudan III with calf thymus DNA was monitored using a simple spectrophotometric technique. The results presented indicate that a simple modification of the chemical structure of Sudan I (monoazo dye) to Sudan III (diazo dye) markedly alters reactivity towards nitrogenous DNA bases.     

The international toxicity equivalency factor (I‐TEF) method for estimating risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures of dioxins and related compounds∗

The International Toxicity Equivalency Factor (I‐TEF) method of risk assessment is a revised interim procedure for assessing the risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs). This updated scheme was developed by a working group of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society and has been officially adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Canada, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, the Nordic countries, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Prior to the development of the I‐TEF method, at least ten slightly different schemes had been used throughout the world which complicated communication among scientists and regulatory agencies concerning the toxicological significance of complex mixtures of CDDs and CDFs. The I‐TEF approach facilitates risk communication internationally by reducing large volumes of analytical data into a single number‐International Toxicity Equivalents (I‐TEQ). As a result, the I‐TEF method represents an improvement in an already useful risk assessment/regulatory tool.     

Accomplishments of the NATO/CCMS pilot study on international information exchange on dioxins and related compounds∗

A project promoting the international exchange of information on chlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs) was conducted under the auspices of the Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Initiated in 1985, the Pilot Study on International Information Exchange on Dioxins and Related Compounds was a three‐year effort to improve the state of the art of dioxin research, regulation, and technology by encouraging collaboration among interested countries and organizations. Participating nations included Canada, Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Numerous activities were accomplished to promote information exchange so that better informed decisions can be made concerning future research activities and resource allocations. Three major areas were addressed: Exposure and Hazard Assessment, Technology Assessment, and Management of Accidents. A total of 15 CCMS reports were published which summarize the achievements of the Pilot Study.     

水中无机氮形态变化对酮洛芬光降解的影响

研究了模拟太阳光照射下水环境中不同形态氮(NO₃^-、NO₂^-和NH₄⁺)对酮洛芬(KET)光解的影响.结果表明,KET在平均波长(200~450nm)下量子产率Φ_o为0.14. NO₃^-浓度从0.01mmol/L^-增至1.0mmol/L时, KET光解速率常数从0.0109降至0.0085; NO₂^-浓度从0.01mmol/L增至1.0mmol/L时, KET光解速率常数从0.0095降至0.0069, NH₄⁺对KET的光解基本无影响. NO₃^-的光掩蔽现象对KET光解的影响起主要作用; NO₂^-则通过光掩蔽现象和羟基自由基猝灭来抑制KET的光解.同时研究了当水环境中pE值发生变化而引起水中无机氮形态转化时,不同形态氮共存对KET光解的复合影响,随着pE值的增大,KET的光解速率先减小后增大;当NO₂^-和NH₄⁺共存时,两者对KET光解的影响存在拮抗作用,这一拮抗作用也存在于NO₂^-和NO₃^-之间.     

碲化镉量子点对小鼠肝脏超微结构及重要生物酶活性的影响

探讨了碲化镉量子点(cadmium telluride quantum dots,CdTeQDs)对小鼠肝组织超微结构及琥珀酸脱氢酶(succinate dehydrogenase,SDH)和三磷酸腺苷酶(adenosine triphosphatase,ATPase)活性的影响。将20只雄性ICR小鼠随机分成QDs染毒组和对照组,采用尾静脉注射方式进行一次性染毒,染毒组每只小鼠注射2μmol·kg-1体重的CdTeQDs(以Cd~(2+)的摩尔浓度计算)。每5只为一组分别在染毒后的1 d、3 d和7 d处死小鼠,另外5只注射生理盐水作为对照组。取部分肝组织在透射电镜下观察其超微结构变化并使用试剂盒测定肝脏中SDH、Na~+/K~+-ATP酶、Ca~(~(2+))/Mg~(2+)-ATP酶的活性。结果显示CdTeQDs暴露后染毒组小鼠肝细胞胞浆疏松,线粒体出现肿胀、空泡、嵴减少等结构变化,表明肝细胞受到损伤且染毒1 d后损伤最严重;肝脏中染毒组SDH活性与对照组相比显著降低(P0.05);染毒1 d后,Na~+/K~+-ATP酶和Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)-ATP酶活性与对照组相比显著升高,随着染毒后时间的延长,其活性呈现下降的变化趋势。单次量注射CdTeQDs能够引起小鼠肝脏损伤,抑制SDH活性,引起ATP酶活性改变,这些症状在暴露时间内呈现恢复趋势。